The Enlightenment Period - 1218 Words

Americans in the Enlightenment period strongly connected themselves with the classical age in terms of how they approached their art. The Enlightenment period lasted for about 150 years, from approximately 1700 -1850. Throughout this time period many artists took inspiration from the classical age which occurred in ancient Greece and Rome hundreds of years before. We can see examples of this in buildings like The White house and Monticello in America, and Kedleston Hall in England. These three buildings, though located in very different parts of the world, all have a number of aestheticly similar attributes. The Enlightenment age was very much an intellectual movement that grew from interrelating the theories of science, the environment and the human race (Enlightenment, 2015, para 1). The origins of this movement came from ideas that date back to the Renaissance period in the 14th century. Science became a big part of this period as people now did not just rely on the bible, they began to be inquisitive about the world around them, thus the dividing of science and religion occurred. Scientists began to ask questions about the environment around them, soon people wanted proof and reasoning, not just thoughts and ideas. Another successful idea of that time was that philosophers began to rethink the role of God and the effects on human life. People still believed in God, but the significance of religion and the role that God played in peoples daily life was not asShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment Period1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe Enlightenment period was an extremely impactful revolutio n which caused changes in societies around the world. It began in 1651, people across the country took a stand against their unfair rights. In order to have a peaceful society, everyone must be treated with equality which can only occur if there is a fair government system in place. If people have to fight and kill to have their natural rights granted, something has to be done about it. The enlightenment period encouraged the people toRead MorePeriod of Enlightenment8482 Words   |  34 PagesChapter 4 : The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) Historical Background After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This occurred on the 17th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened it’s doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre. The SpaniardsRead MoreCharacteristics Of The Enlightenment Period1488 Words   |  6 Pages Each time period in history has had their own characteristics, key figures, and impact impact on the world. While each period is equally important to how we progressed from the past, the enlightenment period, from the 1700s to the 1800s, has contributed immensely to how everyday people go about their days. Without even realizing it, people have been molded by the enlightenment period, allowing themselves to face new ideas with an open mind . The grand designs of this period were empiricism, rationalismRead MoreThe Historical Period of Enlightenment741 Words   |  3 PagesEnlightenment The historical period which is known as the Enlightenment occurred during the latter half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. The period was marked by a decided increase placed on the importance of scientific and philosophical investigation. Political philosophy was one of the most frequent and important branches of theorizing and discourse. One of the most famous political theoreticians was a man named John Locke. His theories would revolutionize the way thatRead MoreThe Enlightenment Period : The Age Of Reason1332 Words   |  6 PagesAge of Awareness The Enlightenment period, also known as The Age of Reason, was a highly intellectual movement of the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth century Europe. This development highlighted reasoning, equality and more of a humanistic approach was taken as opposed to traditional practice. This period was heavily influenced by scientific thought, skepticism and intellectual stimulation. The plan of this era was to reform society and the way it used reasoning as well as oppose longRead MoreThe Human Personification Of The Enlightenment Period Essay1067 Words   |  5 Pagesour history, one may see that war appears to be timeless and inevitable. ‘War’ as defined by Webster’s Dictionary is a state of open and declared, hostile armed conflict between states or nations. Voltaire—the human personification of the Enlightenment period—says the following: â€Å"Famine, plague, and war are the three most famous ingredients of this wretched world†¦All animals are perpetually at war with each other†¦Air, earth and water are arenas of destruction. Defining war has been a political issueRead More Biases From the Enlightenment Period1965 Words   |  8 PagesBiases From the Enlightenment Period      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abstract  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All three dominant subjects: mind, men, and standard literature, not only share dominance, but also relate to the fact that their roles are clearly shown in the schools of our society. Schools exercise the brain, boys are pushed harder and expected to do better in school, while canonic literature haunts students throughout their English classes. The body, women, and horrific literature take a back seat to their counterparts, butRead More Literary Analysis of the Enlightenment Period and Romanticism1461 Words   |  6 Pageswitnessed the birth of the Enlightenment and Romantic Periods. There were similarities as well as very notable differences between the two. There were also two prominent voices that gained notoriety during each of these two periods. Voltaire is considered to be the pioneer of the power of reason and Rousseau is looked upon as a legendary figure of Nineteenth Century Romanticism. This analysis will evaluate the two eras, both writers and a literary piece. The Enlightenment Era gave way to an age ofRead MoreAbsolutism During The Period Of The Enlightenment2255 Words   |  10 Pagesthe eye of the beholder.† This concept can apply to many ideas, other than beauty. How similar governments are run is a good example of how something could be fundamentally the same, but in reality very different. Absolutism during the period of the Enlightenment can show many differences, even though the concept is the same. Absolutism is the form of government where power is concentrated in the hands of an individual. In an absolute monarchy, the monarch exhibits and exercises unrestrained, supremeRead More Transitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods1675 Words   |  7 PagesTransitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were times of great emphasis on reason and questioning of faith. The scientists and philosophes of these eras discovered and taught new ideas that often contradicted what the church and former thinkers had taught and believed before them. Most of the intellectual, political, economic, and social characteristics associated with the modern

Essay on Plastic Surgery for Teenagers - 953 Words

Plastic Surgery is a controversial topic nowadays. Some men and women believe that plastic surgery is a great chance to have finally the body, face, and even romantic life always dreamed about. In the U.S. the plastic surgery television shows have made these ideas more popular and common than ever. Some men and women have other reasons for want plastic surgery Such as people who want plastic surgery have disfigurements to the face or body because of birth defects or genetic problems. The rise in plastic surgery in U.S. is a bad sign for future. Plastic surgery is not always a good thing for everyone. Cosmetic surgery should be prohibited for teenagers and people having psychological problems. Plastic surgery can be bad for teenagers†¦show more content†¦Also we can have a law about tests for psychology problems. Surgeons must be required to do more tests with patients and test for suicidal tendency, obsess for the face or body, depression and unrealistic feeling about surgery benefits. Plastic surgery reasons are not only reasons for cosmetic surgery because many people need cosmetic surgery to recover normal life from injury or burn. In the U.S. today, this is a serious issue to recent wars. In the U.S. war veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan are sometimes injured or burned. Plastic surgery can give them normal face, hand or life again. For instance, since 2001, about 900 U.S. service members have been injured with severe burns in Iraq and Afghanistan and many of these burns are on face (Dao par. 6). Of course, other people suffer burns or face disfiguring due to fires or accidents. Also, other people are born with genetic problems, like disease disfigures about the face or body and birth defects that is making a face or body look not normal. Some men and women support plastic surgery because the plastic surgery improves their bodies. For example, people can get plastic surgery for face improvements like eye or chin tucks. Also, there are body improvements like breast implants or stomach tucks. Plastic surgery for cosmetic reasons is getting more popular. In the United States, the money people have paid for plastic surgery has increased from 2000 to 2005 in the number ofShow MoreRelatedEffect Of Plastic Surgery On Teenagers1370 Words   |  6 Pagescosmetic surgery, as the procedure began, her body temperature started rocketing abnormally high and the heart rate went out of levels. Right then, having to take extra precautions, the clinic flew her out to a hospital, later pronouncing that she had fallen into coma and soon after, passed away (Rivero 1). This mistake had sparked an outrage all over the world, not only because an innocent human being had died but it was a source that started it all, plastic surgery. Therefor e showing that plastic surgeryRead MoreCosmetic Surgery : Plastic Surgery And Teenagers2046 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to â€Å"Plastic Surgery Teenagers†, â€Å"teenagers who want to have plastic surgery usually have different motivations and goals than adults† (â€Å"Plastic Surgery For Teenagers Briefing Paper†). Thus, meaning that most young adults get cosmetic surgery, which is the reshaping of body parts to improve their physical characteristics. However, changing your physical appearance just because you want to or do not feel pretty enough should not be the case of spending all that money and time on a non-maturedRead MoreAllowing Plastic Surgery on Teenagers561 Words   |  2 PagesShould Teenagers be able to get plastic surgery? In this day in age children know more than ever that plastic surgery has become a varied option , so most of them feel like it’s not a big deal to ask their parents, but most of them don’t know the risks and the dangers of plastic surgery.The dangers of plastic surgery are very high, the area that has been worked on could become permanently numb and could possibly ruin a persons life. Infections are also symptoms that could be caused by plastic surgeryRead MoreShould Teenagers Do Plastic Surgery?1128 Words   |  5 PagesXiaoyan Gu Professor Perin English 294 11/17/2015 Should Teenagers Do Plastic Surgery? Have you noticed that some parents who are extremely young beauty pageant contestants contest that competitive can provide confidence for their children? Or students who are trying to show their individuality by negotiating abandoning uniform policy? Or, that some companies are more willing to hire a person when they are attractive? Nowadays, people are more focused on external beauty than inner beauty. SometimesRead MoreEffects Of Plastic Surgery Among Teenagers1467 Words   |  6 Pages Plastic Surgery amongst Teenagers is on the rise In the year 2015, where here in the United States following the lastest celebrities has become an influence on many teens across the Unites States, what I mean by influence is plastic surgery. You see it everywhere it s on TV, on billboards, on the radio and all over the magazines. It seems as if everything a well known celebrity does teens want to do also. And what celebrity has gottenRead MoreTeenagers and the Plastic Surgery Epidemic Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesan overwhelming number of American teenagers choose to alter their body in order to fit the unrealistic standard of physical attractiveness created by our beauty-obsessed culture. Teens feel an immense amount of pressure to look â€Å"beautiful† from the media, peers and even parents. Teenagers are going to extreme lengths to reach this physical perfection, but when it comes down to it, just how far is too far? The numbers of teens going through with plastic surgery is startling and will cont inue to riseRead MorePlastic Surgery Should Be Banned For Teenagers 18943 Words   |  4 Pagesbody parts for cosmetic reasons in a procedure called plastic surgery. It was not long before teenagers 18 years of age and younger noticed the potential benefits of receiving these surgeries, such as fixing misconstrued facial features, or even taking away some unwanted fat. In 2012 there were 130,502 cosmetic procedures performed on teenagers below the age of 19 (Singh). There has been an increase of interest in teenagers for cosmetic surgery and the most common procedures done for them are otoplastyRead MoreEssay about American Teenagers and Plastic Surgery1189 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Teenagers and Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is not a new field of medicine. Traditionally, plastic surgery dealt with fixing abnormalities of the body, but recently people are enjoying the luxury of plastic surgery simply because they are not happy with their appearance. People make appointments with plastic surgeons for procedures such as rhinoplasty, liposuction, tummy tucks, face lifts, and most commonly breast augmentation. These people look forward to desired results fromRead MoreShould Teenagers Be Discouraged from Doing Plastic Surgery?2029 Words   |  9 PagesShould teenagers be discouraged from doing plastic surgery? What is plastic surgery? Plastic surgery is ‘the process of reconstructing or repairing parts of the body by the transfer of tissue, either in the treatment of injury or for cosmetic reasons’ (Oxford Dictionaries, 2010). Sushrutha from India, who is known as the ‘Father of Plastic Surgery’, had carried out plastic surgery a millennium before Hippocrates as well as two millenniums before European stalwarts such as Celsius and Galen (IndianRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Teens Under The Knife By Kaitlyn Ali And Tiffany Lam1351 Words   |  6 PagesIn the article entitled Teens Under the Knife written by Kaitlyn Ali and Tiffany Lam readers are informed on the possible risks that are exposed to teens who have cosmetic surgery. Ali and Lam state, There are many risks in plastic surgery, such as permanent numbness, infections, blood clots, and even death (par. 9). The developing bodies of teens are still changing which could lead to altering the effects or fut ure displacement of the surgical procedure. The article states, Because teens

Literature Review Resources Impact of Leadership Style in Education

Question: Describe about the Impact of Leadership style in Education? Answer: The Impact of Leadership style in Education: Lok, P., Crawford, J. (2004). The effect of organizational culture and leadership style on job satisfaction and organizational commitment: A cross-national comparison.Journal of Management Development,23(4), 321-338. In this article, here mention the consequence of organizational culture leadership styles on job approval and organizational obligation in section Australian executive. In this, they discuss regarding the vital dissimilarity between the two sections, establish for measures of modernism (Selesho Ntisa, 2014). Moreover, the helpful in organizational culture job approval and organizational obligation. For the mutual samples, pioneering and helpful culture, and a deliberation toward leadership style, had helpful property on both job approval and obligation, with the effects of an innovative culture on approval and obligation, and the effect of a thought of leadership style on obligation, creature stronger in the Australian section. In this they argue about the initiate organization leadership style had a negative result on job approval for the joint sample. Participant stages of learning originate to have a minor negative result on approval, and a minor positive result on obligation (S elesho Ntisa, 2014). In this, they use random sample methods to collect the data. They used both primary as well as secondary data for the data collection. Under primary method, they use questionnaire and on the other hand, under secondary data they use both qualitative as well as quantities data. This is reliable with learning that has revealed that there is strong positive relation among empowerment, job approval and obligation (Selesho Ntisa, 2014). Margolis, L., Rosenberg, A., Umble, K. (2015). The Relationship between Interprofessional Leadership Education and Interprofessional Practice: How Intensive Personal Leadership Education Makes a Difference.Health and Interprofessional Practice,2(3), 1. This article discusses regarding the connection between interprofessional leadership education and interprofessional perform (Selesho Ntisa, 2014). Interdisciplinary leadership development program (ILDP) is partnership between five-university grounds support Maternal child health bureau-funded training agenda. This plan incorporated Leadership Education in Neurodevelopment and connected Disabilities, public health, nourishment etc (Mosley, Broyles Kaufman, 2014). Under this article, they used Post-test plan, contribution in the ILDP since the training plan make contact with to comprehensive a web-based review. Use scale and unlimited query, and they ask Student to rate the authority of ILDP on their approach/viewpoint regarding interprofessional perform, to account the incidence of employ of interdisciplinary ability, and to explain those power on the use of ability in a few element. In the result session, 208 respondents symbolize 60% of the students from 2001 throughout 2008. St udents statement that the yearlong Interdisciplinary Leadership Development Program, an addition to conservative control base training prejudiced their interprofessional approach, viewpoint, and utilize of interprofessional ability (Selesho Ntisa, 2014). In an appraisal that established these result, here explain the main responsibility of deliberation, individual leadership training in create these conclusion. Interprofessional training plan must anticipate offering judgment model for the relationship between training and the most wanted conclusion (Conger, 2013). References Conger, J. (2013). Mind the Gaps: What Limits the Impact of Leadership Education.J Ldrship Studies,6(4), 77-83. doi:10.1002/jls.21270 Mosley, C., Broyles, T., Kaufman, E. (2014). Leader-member Exchange, Cognitive Style, and Student Achievement.Journal Of Leadership Education,13(3), 50-69. doi:10.12806/v13/i3/rf4 Selesho, J., Ntisa, A. (2014). Impact of School Principal Leadership Style on Performance Management: A Schooling Agenda.Mediterranean Journal Of Social Sciences. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n3p211

Marketing Innovation free essay sample

A brief literature Review Innovation is widely regarded as a vital source of competitive advantage in an increasingly changing environment. In today’s vibrant and ever changing competitive environment which is characterized by high degree of technological progress innovation capability is the most important determinant of firm performance. Although, technological innovations are important for developing new products and to maintain survival strength, yet they are not sufficient for turning any firm into dominant economic player in the market. According to a paper prepared from the Danish Centre for Studies in Research and Research Policy (2005), innovation has become more market driven and less Ramp;D driven following the market orientation of the firms nowadays. Innovation policy has taken on a broader scope, increasing emphasis on â€Å"non-technical† forms of innovation, market driven innovation, knowledge transfer and firm’s capacity to capture and utilize knowledge. The broad premise of this literature suggests that the ability to innovate is a â€Å"key mechanism for organizational growth and renewal†. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Innovation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In times of environmental turbulences such as during an economic crisis, the need for innovation has been recognized as imperative to survive, be it a technological or marketing. The ability to innovate in marketing has recently gained in prominence as one such dynamic competence that distinguishes firms which outperform their competitors. Most studies examining market orientation have investigated a direct relationship with performance. However, a few others have inferred innovation as a moderating variable between market orientation and performance. This paper extends this debate by suggesting that the link between marketing innovation and firm’s performance is mediated by the ability of the firm to develop and sustain a competitive advantage. Competitive advantage, for the purpose of this study, is defined as â€Å"a value creating strategy not simultaneously being implemented by any current or potential competitors† This literature review studies the basic aspects of marketing innovation within the framework of marketing orientation. 1. Market Orientation and Marketing Innovation: Motivation Levitt (1960) in his pioneering paper â€Å"Growth and Profits through Planned Marketing Innovation† studied the exploration and development of new arketing procedures by companies. He criticized the absence of any dedicated marketing inventions and development departments in the big companies which leads to the missed and exhausted opportunities. Further, most of the marketing innovations were unintentional, spontaneous or fortuitous. The problem stemmed from the fact that product innovation had completely overshadowed the marketing innovation leading to the situation where â€Å"distribution† becomes the bigges t problem for such companies. The main obstacles in giving increased importance to dedicated marketing innovation is the threat of its eventual overshadowing product innovation, lack of any backgrounds for carefully planned experimental and speculative activity in marketing innovation, difficulty in controlling the way product is sold in supermarkets or departmental stores. Additionally, the visible effect of marketing innovation has to be proved under highly unstable conditions of open market experiment, which is quite expensive, especially if the trial is honest and full-scale, even though limited to a few test areas. To overcome this sorry state of marketing innovation, he proposed various solutions such as, recognition by top-management that marketing innovation is an uncompromising aspect of sales and profits, setting up a marketing development task force, giving it a reasonably permissive environment and most importantly the dedicated personals who are energetic, bold, rational and nonconformist who have no corporate or strong personal ties to continue the present marketing schemes. . Significant Features Chen (2004) in â€Å"Marketing Innovation† provides the economic analyses of marketing innovation in a dynamic oligopoly model. This paper provides an economic analysis of marketing innovation. Variants of a dynamic oligopoly model are developed to study two forms of marketing innovation: which allows a firm to acquire consumer information effectively; and ; which reduces consumer transaction costs. The study concluded that within a duopoly market structure, an increase in competition intensity reduces the value of the marketing innovation to acquire consumer information but may increase the value of the marketing innovation to reduce consumer transaction cost . The innovation incentive is higher for a large firm than for a small firm if imitation is sufficiently difficult, and otherwise the opposite is true. Increased competition reduces the value of but may increase the value of. Relative to the social optimum, the private incentive is too high for but too low for . Human amp; Naude (2009) in â€Å"Relationship or Innovation orientation in B2B markets: Empirical results from an emerging market† considers the association of innovation orientation and relationship orientation with the firm performance in business-to-business (B2B) markets simultaneously and in particular examines the mediating effect of innovation on the relationship orientation-firm performance relationship. By employing published scales for innovation and relationship orientation, cross-sectional data were collected from 181 business-to-business managers in South African firms. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to test for scale reliability and validity, while the hypothesized relationships between constructs were considered through structural equation modeling and partial least squares analysis. The results suggest that practitioners and researchers should pay attention to both orientations simultaneously, because jointly they are associated with better firm performance. This study demonstrates a significant positive relation between innovation orientation and performance, as well as between relationship orientation and performance. In addition, research showed the mediating effect of innovation orientation on the relationship between relationship orientation and firm performance. The results also suggest that higher levels of performance are possible for firms that achieve an increased integration of innovation and relationship orientation. Likewise, firms that score low on both these Abstract preview orientations perform worse. Therefore, the study suggests that business-to-business firms need both an innovation orientation, as well as a relationship orientation. By integrating these strategic orientations, firms may enhance their performance beyond what may be possible by adoption only one of the orientations. Peter et. al. in â€Å"Lessons learned about marketing in micro firms† develop an understanding of how micro firms handle their marketing. The guiding research questions are: Which are the marketing challenges micro firms encounter and how are they handled? Which principles guide the owner-managers of micro firms in their marketing efforts? The empirical study is based on ten case studies of micro firms which include repeated interviews with each of the owner-managers of the micro firms. The method of sampling is purposive with a clear intention to attain diversified and rich data from firms operating in various businesses. Data collection occurred in two phases: an explorative and a verification phase. The study concluded that the micro firms wrestle with the same types of challenges as do any other firm or organization. Moreover, common goals and purposes of marketing seem to be attained also by micro firms. However, one can notice some discrepancies in how marketing is handled in practice, as compared to existing marketing literature. The first lesson to be learned about marketing in micro firms is that activities that by tradition have not been related to marketing can in a micro firm setting have a considerable marketing impact. The results revealed that marketing in micro firms is about long-term, gradual development of a position on the market. This implies that the micro firm is characterized by organic growth, where the development of the firm occurs little by little in accordance to what the cash flow permits. This organic growth process is characterized by two distinct dimensions which we have chosen to label as â€Å"earning your position† and â€Å"being your brand†. Efi (2010) in â€Å"Marketing Innovation Measurement† studies the marketing innovation measurement; using established scorecards from Europe, US and Australia and also alternative approaches. Although, there are many differences between the analyzed approaches; some common points are proposed so as to indentify the new trends in innovation measurement in marketing field. The study concluded that the evolution of marketing could be described as a product lifecycle. After World War II marketing concept started replacing the prevalent selling concept (â€Å"hard sell†) with an outside-in perspective based on profits through customer satisfaction (â€Å"customer is king†). Consumers could afford to be more selective and enterprises, used to sell what they produced, should start selling what customer needs. Marketing concept dominated around 1950 and continued growing throughout the enterprises till its value started being questioned. Despite of its redefinitions, marketing innovation may not be able to keep its dominant position following the classical product lifecycle to the decline stage. During the last decades technological innovations have been recognized as an important driver of performance. Although, existing marketing concepts have been incorporated in the launch of these innovations, a considerable part of new product failures is contributed to the lack of a new marketing concept. In other words, technological innovations demand a corresponding change in marketing. Apart from the need to act as complimentary to traditional forms of innovation, marketing innovations have proved to be strong enough to enable especially SMEs to compete effectively larger enterprises. 3. Implementing Marketing Innovation Pang (2010) undertook study titled â€Å"Marketing Innovation Implementation† a case study of Chinese Pharmaceutical Company. The thesis focuses on the implementation process of marketing innovation. The thesis is built on a literature study on marketing innovation and a case study of a marketing innovation project in the Chinese pharmaceutical company Guizhou YiBai Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd The data were being collected by interviews and questionnaires Due to the long distance, make on-site interviews could not be conducted so the interviews were being conducted through internet using SKYPE, MSN and e-mail. The studies summarize some useful elements for successful marketing innovation implementation. Some positive elements which are useful for the implementation of marketing innovation are paying attention to the neglected market, Segmenting markets, Information, Public relationship, Provide value to customer’s Combination of market factors, Marketing channels and technology. The study also reveals some negative elements and their effect in marketing innovation like cost, Uncertainty of market, information leakage, imitation and overdependence on experience. The found when implementing a marketing innovation project, companies should pay more attention to the external environment and that technology is an important element in marketing innovation 4. Chief Advantages of Marketing Innovation Lee et. al. , [2010] in â€Å"The influence of knowledge management and marketing innovation strategies on marketing performance† discussed the positive influence of knowledge management and marketing innovation strategies on marketing performance, taking the example of the biggest and the most representative Taiwan’s funeral service company – Lung Yen. The rise of customer self-consciousness has brought forth consciousness of autonomy which consists in people’s demand for quality and variety. In order to increase the enterprise’s competitiveness, it has become crucial to have knowledge management and market sensitivity to make business strategies that can help an enterprise cope with the ever-changing market environment, enhance its competitiveness, and provide help in examining internal organization coordination. In Management guru Peter Drucker view, only the customers truly understand the market; therefore, enterprises must carry out exhaustive market investigation and analysis to understand customer behavior by constantly asking them questions, and anticipate their possible future needs, going from a passive marketing approach to an active one. The importance of this aspect has gradually gained recognition in the corporate world. Acknowledge construction model composed of 7 procedures: create, identify, collect, adopt, organize, apply, and share. This knowledge management helps in adopting effecting marketing innovation. Authors contend that innovation is not equal to creativity but is the practical application of creativity, helping the organization to achieve its aims in a more efficient way. Drucker viewed that the term of innovation is basically non-technological in nature, and ought to belong to economic or social sciences; innovation should mean â€Å"change in the value and satisfaction obtained from resources by the customer†. It may also be said that only what is valuable for economy or society can be called innovation. In the framework of the study, two types of creation in marketing innovation strategy, namely, production innovation and marketing method innovation are proposed to explain the structure of marketing. The fact that knowledge management and marketing innovation strategy are both latent variables that cannot be measured by value means that research in this regard is subject to limitations, and author’s way of bypassing this problem consists of dividing these two variables into five explicit variables or sub-dimensions. Knowledge management† is divided into knowledge absorption, knowledge sharing, knowledge storage, and â€Å"marketing innovation strategy† into product innovation and marketing method innovation: the five sub-dimensions being used as the dimensions for measurement. The empirical results of the study show that knowledge management and marketing innovation strategy both have positive influence on marketing performance. Furthermore, the study uses sales growth rate as a measurement index, illustrating the possibility to change the way performance is measured, for example, by adding financial performance indexes (ROE or ROA). Naidoo [2010] in Journal for Industrial Marketing Management investigates the importance of marketing innovations for small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SMEs) in withstanding the challenges of operating under the current economic conditions where the global manufacturing sector is collapsing due to economic downturn. The case-study is done for Chinese SMEs. The need for innovation has been recognized to withstand the gales of creative destruction, more so, in times of environmental turbulences such as during an economic crisis. For cash-strapped manufacturers operating in the grips of the current economic crisis (often, but not always, SMEs), marketing innovation can present an attractive strategy (given its relative affordability) to attempt reversing the flow of declining sales. The logic of marketing innovation emphasis sales growth by shifting consumer demand from elastic to more inelastic market segments through the delivery of better value (actual or perceived) to the consumer. Further, Innovation is the mechanism for firms to ensure that strategic assets are hard to imitate by competitors and hence the marketing innovation capability of a small-to-medium manufacturer is positively related to its competitive advantage. This competitive advantage of a small-to-medium manufacturer is positively related to its survival. Three key findings are derived in the study. First, the examined Chinese manufacturing SMEs had a greater perceived likelihood of survival had they developed and sustained a competitive advantage. Second, marketing innovation assisted in developing and sustaining competitive advantages based on differentiation and cost leadership strategies. Third, marketing innovation capabilities improved when the examined manufacturing SMEs were competitor oriented and had good inter-functional capabilities. 5. Further Advantages and Future Studies Erdil et. al. , (2004), in their paper entitled â€Å"The relationships between market orientation, Firm innovativeness and innovation performance† addresses the issue of interrelationships between market orientation, firm innovativeness and innovation performance. Three dimensions of market orientation, namely a) collection and use of market information (), b) development of market –oriented strategy and c) implementation of market oriented strategy are measured. Factor analysis is used to validate the measures of market orientation, firm innovativeness and innovation performance. A correlation analysis is performed to determine whether market orientation is associated with firm innovativeness and innovation performance A survey was conducted in order to evaluate the propositions listed above. The data has been gathered by using structured questionnaire forms distributed to and collected from executive managers of a sample of industrial firms in the Marmara Region. The study utilized collection and use of market information, development of market-oriented strategy and implementation of market oriented-strategy scales of Gima (1995) with six, four and three questions respectively. Firm innovativeness was measured with four questions adopted from Hurt and Teigen (1977), Hollen-stein (1996). The data were analyzed by using SPSS 10. statistical program and factor analysis, reliability and correlation analyses were utilized in order to evaluate the relationships between the variables. The study finds that the Collection and use of market information () is positively correlated with the development of market-oriented strategy and the implementation of market-oriented strategy. Furthermore, development of market-oriented strategy is positively correlated with the implementation o f market-oriented strategy. Collection and use of market information () and the development of market-oriented strategy are correlated positively with the innovation performance. Implementation of market-oriented strategy is not correlated with the innovation performance. The analysis also indicates that firm innovativeness and innovation performance are correlated positively. Given the consistent interactions between the dimensions of market orientation and firm innovativeness and innovation performance, we would argue that efforts of firms to enhance the collection and use of market information and implementation of market oriented strategy is especially important to companies that want to gain competitive advantage. The findings suggest that market orientation can lead to firm innovativeness and increase innovation performance. Market orientation as a driver of organizational market information processing activity should be incorporated into conceptualizations of innovation process. Furthermore, findings indicate that firm innovativeness is related to innovation performance for the sample data. These findings support the predicted relationships between market orientation and innovation performance. The results suggest that a firm with a market – orientation is likely to improve its innovation capacity and performance. The three dimensions of market orientation, market intelligence generation, development of market oriented strategy and implementation of market oriented strategy are important for innovation performance. Garcia 2011 in his studies â€Å"The relevance of marketing in the success of innovations† focuses on marketing expenditures and their relation with Ramp;D investments and innovative sales. The analysis is based on the micro data from the third wave of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS 3) covering 18 European countries: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Spain, Finland, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia. The period covered by this survey is 1998-2000. The research was carried out in the SAFE center at Eurostat in Luxembourg. The paper uses Community Innovation Survey data, the third wave (CIS 3) and set up a system of simultaneous equations like in Crepon et al. 1998). This paper finds empirical evidence that marketing expenditures explain a lot of the success of the innovation 0. 5 to 0. 7% (measured in terms of the elasticity of this effort to innovative sales), even more than the flow of investment in Ramp;D (which counts for 0. 3 %). The study reveals that the size of the coefficient for marketing doubles than those found for Ramp;D, a quite surprising result taking into consider ation the little importance that marketing has in innovation studies.

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buy custom The 35th President essay This is one of the most controversial cases in the history of modern American, the question is whether Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the shooting of Pres. John F. Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963 or had he conspired with other, was he serving as Cuba's Fidel Castros agent himself American assassins target? Or in squeezing that trigger of his carbine he was undertaking some tremendous "dirty trick" for a CIA restless to do away with a president whose belief in the "company" had already evaporated in the Bay of Pigs fiasco wake? Or was he in lieu of a group of the Teamsters Union, Cuban exiles, the Mafia? Certainly, was Lee Harvey Oswald the one who killed JFK? Or was it a double impersonating Oswald? These questions have continued to nag a lot of people for more than a decade and a half following that horrifying day in Dallas, in spite of the 26 in number volumes of exhibits and hearings served by the congressional investigations, the Warren Commission, the release of the classified FBI do cuments. In the event of the assassination of John F. Kennedy our 35 President, the evidence suggests there wasnt involvement of another shooter besides Lee Harvey Oswald. This paper is committed to debunking the mass of disinformation and misinformation surrounding the JFK murder, in support that there was only one killer and that wasLee Harvey Oswald. Buy custom The 35th President essay

Top Biology Programs in U.S. Universities

Top Biology Programs in U.S. Universities College and university biology programs provide the opportunity to study a plethora of ideas and concepts. Below is a list of the top biology programs from colleges and universities in the United States. Obviously, publications rate the programs differently, but Ive seen the following programs turn up consistently in the rankings. It is always best to compare and contrast different programs as biology programs are unique. Always choose the best school for your interests and aspirations. Good luck! Top Biology Programs: East Boston UniversityOffers programs of study with undergraduate specialization in behavioral biology, cell biology, molecular biology genetics, ecology conservation biology, neurobiology, and quantitative biology. Brown UniversityOffers opportunities for study at all levels of biological organization, as well as a range of collaborative opportunities for independent study and research. Carnegie Mellon UniversityOne of the nations top private research institutions, this university offers courses that focus on five core areas: genetics and molecular biology, biochemistry and biophysics, cell and developmental biology, neuroscience, and computational biology. Columbia UniversityOffers programs to prepare students for careers in basic research, medicine, public health, and biotechnology. Cornell UniversityCornells Biological Sciences program has hundreds of course offerings with concentrations in fields such as animal physiology, biochemistry, computational biology, marine biology, and plant biology. Dartmouth CollegeCourses of study provide students with an understanding of biology at environmental, organismal, cellular, and molecular levels. Duke UniversityProvides opportunities for specializations in sub-disciplines including anatomy, physiology and biomechanics, animal behavior, biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, evolutionary biology, genetics, genomics, marine biology, neurobiology, pharmacology, and plant biology. Emory UniversityOffers advanced programs of study in various sub-disciplines including cell and molecular biology, physiology, ecology and evolutionary biology. Harvard UniversityOffers specialized plans of study in biomedical engineering, chemical and physical biology (CPB), chemistry, human developmental and regenerative biology (HDRB), human evolutionary biology (HEB), molecular and cellular biology (MCB), neurobiology, organismic and evolutionary biology (OEB), and psychology. Johns Hopkins UniversityOffers opportunities for study in biomedical engineering, neuroscience, biophysics, cellular and molecular biology, microbiology, and much more. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)MIT offers courses of study in areas such as biochemistry, bioengineering, biophysics, neurobiology, and computational biology. Penn State UniversityIncludes programs of study in fields including general biology, ecology, genetics developmental biology, neuroscience, plant biology, and vertebrate physiology. Princeton UniversityOffers opportunities for study in areas including molecular biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, and chemical and biological engineering. University of North Carolina at Chapel HillThe programs of study at UNC prepare students for careers in the biological, environmental, and medical sciences. This includes fields such as medical, dental, and veterinary medicine. University of PennsylvaniaOffers areas of study including genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, development, plant biology, vertebrate physiology, neurobiology, behavior, ecology, and evolution. University of VirginiaThe biology curriculum offers specialization in areas such as genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, ecology, and evolution. Yale UniversityThe Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (MCDB) provides opportunities for study in biotechnology, plant sciences, neurobiology, genetics, cell and developmental biology, biochemistry, molecular biology, and chemical biology. Central Indiana University - BloomingtonStudents earning a degree in biology at this university are prepared for careers in biology, biotechnology, and health-related fields. Specialized areas of study include ecology, genetics, microbiology, cellular, developmental, environmental, and molecular biology. Michigan State UniversityOffers various programs in the biological sciences including biochemistry and molecular biology. Northwestern UniversityOffers opportunities for study in the biological sciences with concentrations in biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology, neurobiology, physiology, and plant biology. Ohio State UniversityPrograms of study include forensic biology, life sciences education, and pre-health professions. Purdue UniversityOffers a wide range of study in fields of biology such as biochemistry; cell, molecular, and developmental biology; ecology, evolution, and environmental biology; genetics; health and disease; microbiology; and neurobiology and physiology. University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignProvides opportunities for study in genomics, physiology, ecology, evolution, and cell and molecular biology. University of IowaOffers biology programs of study in areas including cell and developmental biology, evolution, genetics, neurobiology, and plant biology. University of Michigan at Ann ArborPrograms provide opportunities for study in ecology and evolutionary biology; molecular, cellular and developmental biology, and neuroscience. University of Notre DameBiological and environmental sciences programs allow students to study evolutionary biology, cellular and molecular biology, cancer biology, immunology, neuroscience, and more. Vanderbilt UniversityOffers courses and research opportunities in biochemistry, structural biology and biophysics, cell biology, genetics, molecular biology, computational biology, evolutionary biology, ecology, developmental biology, and neurobiology. Washington University in St. LouisProvides opportunities for study in genetics, neuroscience, development, population biology, plant biology, and more. West Arizona State UniversityThe field of biological science at Arizona State offers opportunities for study in animal physiology and behavior; biology and society; conservation biology and ecology; genetics, cell and developmental biology. Baylor UniversityBiology programs at Baylor are designed for students interested in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine, ecology, environmental science, wildlife, conservation, forestry, genetics, or other areas of biology. Rice UniversityOffers opportunities to study in biochemistry and cell biology; biological sciences; ecology and evolutionary biology. University  of Colorado at BoulderOffers four undergraduate  biology-related  programs of study in molecular, cellular and developmental biology; ecology and evolutionary biology; integrative physiology; and biochemistry. University of KansasProvides opportunities for study in biochemistry, biology, microbiology, and molecular biosciences. University of MinnesotaPrograms of study in biology and in cell and molecular biology are offered for individuals interested in graduate study or professional training in the biological and health sciences. University of MontanaOffers opportunities to earn degrees in biology, microbiology, and medical technology. University of Nevada Las VegasUNLVs biological sciences program offers areas of concentration in biotechnology, cell and molecular biology, comprehensive biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, education, integrative physiology, and microbiology. University of OklahomaThis biological sciences program prepares students to enter medical, dental, or veterinary training, as well as other  biology-related  careers. University of OregonOffers biology programs of study with concentrations in ecology evolution; human biology; marine biology; molecular cellular developmental biology; and neuroscience behavior. University of Wisconsin at MadisonThe University of Wisconsins biology program includes opportunities for specialization in neurobiology and evolutionary biology. Pacific California Institute of TechnologyOffers opportunities for study in biology or  bioengineering. Stanford UniversityThis biology program gives students the foundation needed to pursue careers in the medical and veterinary  fields, as well as preparation for graduate study. University of California at BerkeleyProvides opportunities for study in biochemistry molecular biology; cell developmental biology; genetics, genomics development; immunology pathogenesis; and neurobiology. University of California at DavisStudent may choose to major in several concentrations including biochemistry and molecular biology; biological sciences;  cell biology; evolution, ecology and biodiversity; exercise biology; genetics; microbiology; neurobiology, physiology and behavior; and plant biology. University of California at IrvineOffers opportunities for study in biological sciences, biochemistry and molecular biology, biology/education, developmental and cell biology, ecology and evolutionary biology, genetics, microbiology and immunology, and neurobiology. University of California at Los AngelesProvides opportunities to study in biology and a number of biology-related areas including  ecology, behavior, and evolution; marine biology; microbiology, immunology, molecular genetics; molecular, cell developmental biology; integrative biology and physiology; neuroscience; and computational systems biology. University of California at Santa BarbaraStudents may choose to major in several specialized areas of biology including aquatic biology; biochemistry and molecular biology; ecology and evolution; cell and developmental biology; pharmacology; physiology; and zoology. University of Southern CaliforniaOffers opportunities for study in biological sciences,  human development  and aging, neuroscience, environmental science, and more. University of Washington at SeattleProvides opportunities for study in areas of biology including ecology, evolution, conservation biology; molecular, cellular developmental biology; physiology and plant biology.

International Entrepreneurship Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

International Entrepreneurship Master - Essay Example Many "high-profile" entrepreneurial ventures seek venture capital or angel funding in order to raise capital to build the business. Many kinds of organizations now exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized government agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs. Wikipedia attributes much of the understanding of entrepreneurship to the work of economist Joseph Schumpeter and the Austrian School of economics. In Schumpeter (1950), an entrepreneur is a person who is willing and able to convert a new idea or invention into a successful innovation. Entrepreneurship forces "creative destruction" across markets and industries, simultaneously creating new products and business models. In this way, creative destruction is largely responsible for the dynamism of industries and long-run economic growth. Despite Schumpeter's early 20th century contributions, the traditional microeconomic theory of economics has had little room for entrepreneurs in its theoretical frameworks (instead assuming that resources would find each other through a price system). Entrepreneurship received a boost in the formalised creation of so-called incubators and science parks, where businesses can start at a small scale, share services and space while they grow, and eventually move into space of their own when they have achieved a large enough scale to be viable stand-alone businesses. It is being encouraged in an effort to revitalise fading downtowns and inner cities in America, which may have excellent resources but suffer from a lack of spirited development. (Wikipedia) For Frank H. Knight (1967) and Peter Drucker (1970) entrepreneurship is about taking risk. The behavior of the entrepreneur reflects a kind of person willing to put his or her career and financial security on the line and take risks in the name of an idea, spending much time as well as capital on an uncertain venture. (Wikipedia) Still another view of entrepreneurship, according to Wikipedia, is that it is the process of discovering, evaluating, and exploiting opportunities in the form of new business ventures. In this paradigm, an entrepreneur could be defined as "someone who acts with ambition beyond that supportable by the resources currently under his control, in relentless pursuit of opportunity" (a definition common

Financial Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Plan - Case Study Example The following three partners and their responsibilities are - CEO - Miss Josefa Calfoforo; responsibility includes: Managing customer database Contacting and dealing with client Financial aspect of the business, such as: budgets, profit & loss statement etc. Finalizes fix cost Co-operate with Chief Sales Executive and Chief Designer Chief Sales Executive - Miss Elizabeth Carter; responsibility includes: Generating sales through marketing and sales campaign In charge of orders Public Relation Chief Designer - Miss Yu-Een Eav; responsibility includes: Programming website Designing of diaries Source materials from suppliers Manufacturer Updating technology Also, two employees are to be inducted for the day to day operations of the business in the first year. Performance Monitoring of Plan edesignerdiary will measure performance by looking at number of units (diary) sold in a month. edesignerdiary will measure the satisfaction of the e-commerce business operation by conducting online surveys after each purchase. edesignerdiary will measure quality of diary against competitors every 6months. Critical Success factors Offer a clear description of the goods on offer Provide a total price for the goods (including any taxes payable and freight cost) Have a refund and return policy Clearly explain how privacy issues will be handled Customers acceptance of privacy issues Have reliability, trust or privacy seals Have clear delivery dates Customers who make a purchase from another electronic site or mail house do so without physically, seeing or touching the product they are buying. Therefore customers will be more likely to purchase items from electronic retailers who adopt these critical success factors as a minimum. Time required for raising...A total of $30,000 is personal investment. According to the Rate if Return on Owners Investment Ratio each partner will individually receive 3.59% return in 2006, 2.44% return in 2007 and 8.64% in 2008. Finance options which the partners have already decided to adopt is the government grant for small business and the Export Market Development Grant. Combined the business will be able to receive finances of up to $15,000 Customers who make a purchase from another electronic site or mail house do so without physically, seeing or touching the product they are buying. Therefore customers will be more likely to purchase items from electronic retailers who adopt these critical success factors as a minimum. Establishing and operating edesignerdiary is a great personal and financial investment however, accidents and problems do arise; these can be minimized by taking out insurance. The business has decided to get insurance through Allianz as they are able to tailor the insurance policy to meet business requirements. edesignerdiary differentiates its custom diary making through strategic edge such as gathering information from the individual to compose a custom made diary that contains special features selected by the individual. Hence it is a hand made diary that is of high quality produced in Melbourne - Australia. Edesignerdiary will win by having a unique

Sales Control Essay Example for Free

Sales Control Essay There must be efficient control of all food and beverage items issued from the various departments. 2. The system should reduce any pilfering and wastage to a minimum. 3. Management should be provided with any information they require for the costing purposes. 4. The cashier should be able to make out the customer’s bill correctly. 5. The system should show a breakdown of sales and income received in order that adjustment and improvement may be made. The main control taking methods 1. Order taking methods. 2. Billing methods 3. Sales summary sheets. . Operational statistics. Triplicate checking system This is an order taking method used in the majority of medium and large first class establishments. The food check consists of three copies. On taking the food order it is written from top to bottom of the food check. When only a table d’hote menu is in operation the customers would initially only order their first and main courses. The operation for an a la carte menu is similar, although customers may order by course according to their requirements. 1. The top copy of the food order goes to the kitchen and is handed to the aboyeur at the hotplate. . The duplicate goes to the cashier who makes out the customer bill. 3. The Flimsy or third copy is retained by the waiter at his/her sideboard as a means of reference. Any checks or bills that have to be cancelled should have the signature of either the headwaiter or supervisor on them, as should checks and bills which have alternatio n made on them. FLOW CHART OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE CHECK Control box Kitchen Food and beverage Service area Top copy Top copy after service Food copy- Top copy (BOT)Top copy Dispense Bar 1. 2. 3. 4. BeveragesTop copy after service Control Marry all duplicates with originals- bills and summary sheet Cashier 1. 2nd copy food or drink 2. Bill 3. Bill and payment. 4. Receipted bill. Manual systems Using hand written duplicate or triplicate checks for ordering from kitchen and bar and for informing the cashier. Often used with a cash till or cash register. This system is found on many high- level restaurants and in popular catering Duplicate checking system. This is a control system that is more likely to be found in the smaller hotel, popular price restaurants and cafes. It is generally used where table d’hote menu is in operation and sometimes a very limited a la carte menu. There are two copies of each of these food checks, each set being serial numbered. The top copy of the food check is usually carbon – backed but, if not a sheet of carbon must be placed between the top and duplicate copy every time a fresh order is taken. The top copy of the set of food and drink checks is made up of a number of perforated slips, usually 4-5 in number. There is section at the bottom of the food and drink check for the table for the table number to be entered. When writing out a customer’s order a different perforated slip should be used for each course. The server must remember to write out the number of covers and the price of the meal or the dish concerned on each slip. Before sending each slip to the hotplate see that the details ate entered correctly on the duplicate copy together with the price. Since the duplicate copy acts as the customer’s bill, the waiter must ensure that everything served is charged. Duplicate order pad with perforated sections 672464| | | | | | 672464| | | No of person waiter no table no price| | | QUICK SERVICE: Name of the establishment Table no 4No of covers 2 Retour 1 Roast chicken En place 1 poached chicken Date 2/2/12Sign DS Accident: It occasionally happens that the waiter may have an accident in the room and perhaps some vegetables are dropped. These must be replaced without any extra charge to the customer. Here a check must be headed accident. It will show the number of portion of vegetables required and should be signed by the headwaiter. No charge (N/C) is stated on the check to ensure that no charge is made to the customer. Name of the establishment Table no 4No of covers 2 Accident 1 Vegetables N/C Date 2/2/12Sign DS CASH HANDLING EQUIPMENT E. P. O. S (Electronic point of sale) It is a sophisticated system of point of sale to provide the quality of information to the management for control function. Advantages 1. Fewer error is there as the information entered will be more accurate because mistake in the sequence of entries required for a particular transaction are not permitted. 2. Transaction can be done more quickly and this may be achieved by single key entry of prices, elimination of manual calculation and automatic calculation of price tags. . Training time may be reduced from days on the conventional cash register to hours with the electronic systems. 4. Instant credit checking is possible by having terminals compare the account number with a central computer file or through on-line a connection. 5. Electronic system provides more direct and detailed information in a computer readable form. 6. Additional security system features such as locks wh ich permits the ECR (Electronic cash register) to be operated only by authorized personnel.

We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all we’re not savages :: English Literature

We’ve got to have rules and obey them. After all we’re not savages When the boys first step on the island they are very civilised; they are all wearing clothes and walking around in groups exploring. Ralph and Piggy then find a conch, and use it to contact the other boys on the island. This moment establishes that the conch symbolises law on the island. Every time the conch is blown all the children come for an assembly. When the first assembly is held, Ralph is voted in as chief, instead of Jack. This frustrates Jack but Ralph consoles him and says that he and his choir can be hunters, and Jack jumps at this opportunity. I think this is the first indication of savagery as everyone is very nervous and afraid, but as soon as Ralph mentions hunting to the choir they are all quite excited. The savagery emerges with â€Å"hunting† as â€Å"hunting† presents the image of killing. We see the boy’s developing excitement of ideas of savagery with this passage, â€Å"Jack and Ralph smiled at each other with shy liking. The rest began to talk eagerly.† When Ralph, Jack, and Simon climb up the mountain to see across the island, they come across a pig trapped in some vines when Jack draws his knife and can’t bring himself to kill the pig, it is because he is too civilised at this point in the book; "The pause was only long enough for them to understand what an enormity the downward strike would be." Here Jack doesn’t kill the pig however his attitude to killing pigs, and indeed humans, changes radically during the story. Chapter three opens with Jack hunting pigs through the jungle. Here, there are many animal images attached to Jack, for example Golding writes, â€Å"Jack was bent double†¦.his nose only a few inches from the humid earth.† and â€Å"Then, dog-like†¦on all fours† The descriptions likening Jack to an animal show the first signs of regression among the boys. The most relevant part in this section is the part when Golding describes Jack as ape-like, because modern humans evolved from apes, and so regression would lead to acting again as apes. A line from the passage reads, â€Å"less a hunter than a furtive thing, ape-like among the tangle of trees.† Despite Jack's attempts, he does not kill a pig. He is obsessed with hunting and killing a pig, after his previous embarrassing failure to do so, with Ralph and Simon. "From the pig-run came the quick, hard patter of hoofs, a castanet sound, seductive, maddening-the promise of meat." This desire is clearly overwhelming him. The desire to kill, and thus

Suffering and Challenges of the Children in Kozol’s Writing

Suffering and Challenges of the Children in Kozol’s Writing. In the book entitle â€Å"Amazing Grace† authored by Jonathan Kozol, the children were suffering under severe poverty based on the fact that their parent were very poor. According to Kozol’s writing, some of them were described as the .. †Poor of the poorest , poor by any standard.. † They were of mixed races according to him â€Å"two third are Hispanic, one third blacks† and of the total population he wrote â€Å" thirty-five percent children – more than 95 percent are poor people†.Most of them receive only the elementary education. Their parents could not train them up to high school level due to the fact that they were very poor. Kozol wrote â€Å"At the elementary school that server the neighbor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. only seven of the eight hundred do qualify for the free school launches.. †. How their character reflects the environment Due to the fact that their p arent were very poor and could not teach them good moral behavior so they grew up wild and behaved very uncontrollable and engaging in all criminal activities. Kozol reports: â€Å"..crack cocaine addiction and intravenous use of heroin which I have met here call â€Å"The niddle drug†¦Nearly 4000 heroin injections, many of whom are HIV –infected live here. † â€Å"Asthma is the common illness among the children†¦. † â€Å"Some of these houses are freezing in the winter. †. â€Å"Three more children and adults were shut dead in the living room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦Thirty minutes – a Minister and other Parishioner were shut dead†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Kozol asked: â€Å"What is like for Children to grow up here? What do you think the world has done to them? † The answer to his first question is that the children were influenced by the environment they grew up.They grew up in poverty without sound education and the world does not car e about them. Therefore Kozo asked â€Å"What has the world do to them? † We shall now go over to answer some of those questions that are related to the question he asked in respect of the poor economic situation he found those children in his writing. â€Å"How does religion provide a frame work of stability for families in this neighborhood?. â€Å" (RS100/EVIL)Beefore we answer this question we should first of all answer this question which I feel forms the basis of religion. The question is â€Å"What rule does Ideology play in the suffering according to Kozol?†. To answer this question we must define the word â€Å"Ideology† this will give us a clue on exactly how it relates to the suffering children of Kozol’s writing. Let get the exact definition from the experts: â€Å"Ideology† â€Å"Could be defined as the mode of interaction between individuals† (RS-100/EVIL). One expert called â€Å"Max† wrote â€Å"†¦human beings are concerned about the good of the group – cooperation†. Based on Max definition, we can understand that â€Å"ideology† is all about working for the goodness of the people and to co-operate with them in terms of need.Now we can answer the question of those suffering children in respect of the â€Å"ideology† concept. Based on this background, Kozol wrote â€Å"St Anne Church on St Anne Avenue is three blocks from the subway station. The children who came to this small Episcopal Church for food and comfort to play and the mothers and fathers who come here or pray†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Now you can see the rule â€Å"Ideology† played in the life of those suffering children. They could find food and comfort including their fathers and mothers at St Anne’s church. Although the world generally do not care about them but the church cares.That is the real concept of â€Å"ideology †based on Max definition which states â€Å"human beings are concer ned about the good of the group – cooperation†. So the church which is a body of individuals could reach out with love to the suffering children. Within the church they received good moral teachings based on the principles of the Holy Bible and also to pray so that their lives could be transformed for a better society. â€Å"Religion as Protection Against Ideology† (RS100/Evil) The above statement gives us better understanding about the importance of religion to humanity which will play a key rule in times of need.â€Å"How does religion projects against ideology? † One answer states â€Å"It inspired religious people to always look for victims â€Å" Which means, religious people should search for victims and not victims to come to them although they could come to them just as the suffering children came to St Anne Church â€Å"for food and comfort† according to Kazol. But religious body should search for victims to help. â€Å"Are you going to celebrate the winner or looser? † (RS100/Evil). My answer is religious people should search for losers and not the winners. People in desperate situation and extreme poverty are losers who need help.They may be involved in natural disasters such as flooding, earthquake, fire disasters ect and they lost everything. In most cases, they could live in a very poor environment without access medical facilities, sound education, electricity and others. â€Å"If you develop a Preferential option for the poor then you are challenging your society to do something about them† (RS 100L/Evil). The small church at St. Anne has challenged other rich individuals and the government to do something for the poor masses in that region including those suffering under severe poverty throughout the United States.â€Å"The making of Ideology† (RS 100/Evil) According to Robert Nisbet – British Sociologist â€Å"-Coherency – Thoughts are connected to another in a way that m akes sense† While individuals such as church, philanthropic organizations, etc come with an idea to solve problems, other individuals could come up with same ideas that makes sense. Therefore it becomes a â€Å"coherent idea† due to the fact that that the thoughts of individuals have come into agreement that could go long way to solve human problems. â€Å"Relationship to Political Power† (RS 100/Evil).In the government circle, ideology plays a key rule due to the fact that people in the government are always thinking of how to solve problems which the citizens are passing through. As a result they could create out an agency which could reach out to the people facing such problem such as sending aids to disaster regions, epidemic etc. On the international level, governments, churches and other philanthropic organizations send aids to foreign countries to save lives of people who might have experienced natural disasters and even to refugees camps where there is an outbreak of civil war in a particular country.â€Å"Ideology Question† (RS 100L/Evil) â€Å"What is the mode of interaction between individual? † 1) Answer â€Å"Individuals in their natural state compete with each other for scare resources† 2) â€Å"If two individual are competing over access to some resources, they may kill each other in attempt to gain possession† As you can see, the second answer explains the first answer above. Take for example, the oil is a â€Å"scarce resource† due to the fact that it is not common in every nation. Consequently there are lot of conflicts going on in several parts of the world due its scarcity and high value.People kill each other in order to gain possession because it makes someone to get rich very quickly. But the Human beings are more valuable than the oil. The need to help the suffering people is scarce; only very few people could provide help like the church in Kozol writing. So it is very scarce to he lp the poor. Why is it so scarce to help human? The answer is that those who can help feel that they cannot have reward from those people they helped due to the fact that they are poor.But that of the oil, people fight for it and even kill themselves in order to gain access to it due to its value while the poor are not seen as valuable. Therefore the means to save the poor becomes a† scarce resource†. Amazing Grace (By Jonathan Kozol) Bill Gates Issues Call or Kinder Capitalism; (Wall Street Journal 24 Jan. 2008) Pres. Chavez to Help Poor in United States before Christmas (ThinKandask. com Nov. 2005 ) The poor in the usa call out for international help(Now Health 16 August, 2004) The Crime? Helping the Poor While Being Wealthy( A Alender Through About Editoral)

Anaylse “The Thing”

The old cover was published on the video tape of the film. The new cover was published on a DVD. The old covers was published by PolyGram company and the new one was published by Universal Studios. The intended audience for the old cover is people over the age of twelve. I know this because the certificate on the film is twelve. This is in contrast to the old one where the certificate is eighteen. This reflects the advancements of technology, cameras are more powerful and are superior than they were forty years ago and are capable of putting more affects in order to make the film to appear extra horrific. The old movie may not be suitable for over twelve because of it will require a long attention span and this shows that the movie is created for people who have longer attention spans. And the subject that is covered in the film will not be designed for under twelve's and they may loose interest. Both films are for people who are fond of science fiction (sci-fi). I think it is designed for the entertainment of both sexes and regardless of your level of education; you shouldn't have too much intricacy understanding both films. There are opinions on both of the covers. The purpose of the opinions is to persuade the reader to buy/watch film. All the opinions are positive and the effect this has is to make the reader think positive things about the film. On the old cover the opinion is â€Å"Howard Hawk's superb sic-fi thriller has become a huge cult classic and it is chilly as it is now as it was forty years ago†. â€Å"Chilly† is a play on word with two definitions it can indicate that it is very cold and also terrifying; both definitions apply to the text. The purpose of both texts is to persuade. It's a horror/sci fi so it has to appear to be bloodcurdling and the language should reflect this. Long sentences are used on both covers. The use of ellipses creates suspense and the reader would want to know more. Lots of alliteration is used throughout both texts. â€Å"Cult Classic† re-emphasizes the fact that the film is one of a kind and that it's not to be missed. â€Å"Strange Spaceship† and â€Å"Superb Sci fi† are also examples of alliteration, alliteration helps you to remember and it sounds better on the tongue. Alliteration can also aid in memory and it provides additional emphasis. The text is their to show the positive light and to persuade the reader to watch/buy the film. The producers of the film do this because their ultimate aim is to make profit. On both covers there are facts and opinion. Old Cover- â€Å"A government station near the North Pole detects the crash of an un-identifies object and asks the air force to investigate. Captain Hendry locates a strange spaceship and a mysterious figure is frozen in the ice† This is a fact as it tells the reader what is going to occur in the film. â€Å"Howards Hawks superb sic fi thriller† this is an opinion not everyone will think the same. On the new cover, â€Å"Horror meister John Carpenter (Halloween Escape from New York) teams Kurt Russels outstanding performance with incredible visuals to build the chilling version of the whole classic thing†~ This is a positive opinion of the film, this again is their to persuade the reader to purchase the film. This opinion also promotes the actor (Kurt Russels) and this in turn will make his fans wanting to watch the film. They use hyperbolic language when describing his acting as â€Å"outstanding†. John Carpenters name is frequently repeated and his high-quality horror making skills are re-emphasized frequently. â€Å"In the winter of 1982 a twelve man research at remote Antarctica research team at a remote Antarctic research Station discovers an alien buries in the snow for over 1,000,000 years†.~ This is a fact, it tells you what will occur in the film, and it makes it sound as appealing and alluring as possible. The use of the word â€Å"remote† makes you sympathize with them as they are alone and isolation with a terrifying monster/alien on the loose. There are various number of people quoted in the covers of the film. In the New cover â€Å"John Carpenter† is described as a â€Å"horror meister†. Film-fans who have viewed any of his previous films before and are a fan of his work also want to view this one. In the old cover Howard Hawk is described as producing a â€Å"superb sci fi thriller† and his previous films are used to his credit (they appear to be quite successful) so that is another favourable impression of the film. The writer is very pleasant, carefree and blithesome. His writing tone is very spirited and refreshing this is probably because they are not talking about a serious issue, they are promoting a film. They are bias because they are only focusing on the positive things about the film. I am sure the film is not flawless. What about the film critics what about the negative comments that they have made about the film? Kurt Russels outstanding performance† – not everyone will agree. The actors are illustrated on the both of the covers rather than the brains behind it all. On the new cover the illustration of a strange man with a beard on engages the viewer. This image is right next to the blurb. The slogan is â€Å"Man is the warmest place to hide†. There is mysterious image of someone (alien or human?) on the front cover with this person is faceless, and this again engages and captivates the viewer. The new cover has blue and white on it, perhaps this is a connotation for ice and arctic weather as it is freezing in the Antarctic. The title of the film (The Thing) is in very large bold print and it's in upper case letters. The old cover is mainly black and white and the text and title of the film is in red print. Red as colour is very bright and stands out especially when the background is back and white. Perhaps the colour red is a connotation for blood and danger. The alien is portrayed as being colossal compared to them and it's made to look very intimidating and threatening with very razor-sharp lengthy fingernails. For forty years ago the old cover would have almost certainly have been the finest for the time period. The fact that they wouldn't be as much competition as there is now than forty years ago would also help conspicuously. The cover of the new film is very extremely attractive and I would unquestionably be interested viewing it. The old cover perhaps the older generation would like to view. I prefer modern movies but then again this is a matter of personal opinion.

Free Essays on Grendel

Too often society defines heroes as those who possess extraordinary super powers or those who act as martyrs. Society sees these people as heroes and underestimates the heroism that lies within traditional people with conventional lives. In Grendel, by John Gardner, Grendel’s understanding of humanity’s cruelty broadens the definition of heroism in modern and historical culture. Although Grendel plays the role of a monster in the story, he is more essential to the kingdom than any hero because he provides them with the reality that death is inescapable. Traditional heroism involves admirable traits, yet society overlooks the necessities those unconventional heroes provide through exemplifying integrity, resisting convention, and outstanding but understated achievement. In Grendel, a brave warrior speaks of heroism and states, â€Å"Except in the life of a hero, the whole world’s meaningless† (89). Yet in Grendel, the antagonist actually provides more quality to life than the protagonist does. Considering the circumstances of Grendel’s life, Grendel shows integrity simply by having a splinter of hope in humanity and it’s future. Distraught at the bloodshed and cruelty of society, Grendel loses sight of the goodness that humans are capable of and attacks the kingdom out of despair, rage, and unbelief. Providing them with the knowledge that one day their lives will end, Grendel gives quality and meaning to their lives, disproving Unferth’s statement. Unferth also says, â€Å"The hero sees values beyond what is possible. That’s the nature of a hero. It kills him of course, ultimately† (89). Contrastingly, Kenneth Beck reveals through illness that the value of life is immeasurable. His battle with paralysis proves that life is not only meaningful, but that everything about life contains meaning and everything during life should be cherished. Kenneth’s accident and wavering recovery conveyed the value of life thr... Free Essays on Grendel Free Essays on Grendel Too often society defines heroes as those who possess extraordinary super powers or those who act as martyrs. Society sees these people as heroes and underestimates the heroism that lies within traditional people with conventional lives. In Grendel, by John Gardner, Grendel’s understanding of humanity’s cruelty broadens the definition of heroism in modern and historical culture. Although Grendel plays the role of a monster in the story, he is more essential to the kingdom than any hero because he provides them with the reality that death is inescapable. Traditional heroism involves admirable traits, yet society overlooks the necessities those unconventional heroes provide through exemplifying integrity, resisting convention, and outstanding but understated achievement. In Grendel, a brave warrior speaks of heroism and states, â€Å"Except in the life of a hero, the whole world’s meaningless† (89). Yet in Grendel, the antagonist actually provides more quality to life than the protagonist does. Considering the circumstances of Grendel’s life, Grendel shows integrity simply by having a splinter of hope in humanity and it’s future. Distraught at the bloodshed and cruelty of society, Grendel loses sight of the goodness that humans are capable of and attacks the kingdom out of despair, rage, and unbelief. Providing them with the knowledge that one day their lives will end, Grendel gives quality and meaning to their lives, disproving Unferth’s statement. Unferth also says, â€Å"The hero sees values beyond what is possible. That’s the nature of a hero. It kills him of course, ultimately† (89). Contrastingly, Kenneth Beck reveals through illness that the value of life is immeasurable. His battle with paralysis proves that life is not only meaningful, but that everything about life contains meaning and everything during life should be cherished. Kenneth’s accident and wavering recovery conveyed the value of life thr... Free Essays on Grendel Grendel, though he needs to kill to do so, functions very well in his own sphere. Grendel survives in a hostile climate where he is hated and feared by all. He lives in a cave protected by firesnakes so as to physically, as well as spiritually, separate himself from the society that detests, yet admires, him. Grendel is "the brute existent by which [humankind] learns to define itself"(Gardner 73). Hrothgar's thanes continually try to extinguish Grendel's infernal rage, while he simply wishes to live in harmony with them. On the other hand, Grendel makes numerous attempts to assimilate into society, but he is repeatedly turned back. Early in his life, Grendel dreams of associating with Hrothgar's great warriors. Nightly, Grendel goes down to the meadhall to listen to Hrothgar's stories and the thanes' heroism, but most of all, he comes to hear the Shaper. The Shaper's stories are Grendel's only education as they enlighten him to the history of the society that he yearns to join. "[The Shaper] changed the world, had torn up its past by its thick gnarled roots and had transmuted it, and they, who knew the truth, remembered it his way- and so did [Grendel]"(Gardner 43). Upon Grendel's first meeting with Hrothgar, the great hero tries to kill him by chopping him out of a tree. "The king (Hrothgar) snatches an ax from the man beside him and, without any warning, he hurls it at [Grendel]"(Gardner 27). After being attacked by those he so admires, he turns against them to wreak havoc on their civilizat! ion. This revolution is most evident in John Gardner's Grendel. In Hrothgar's meadhall, his thanes are discussing the heroic revolution with the Shaper. According to the Shaper, the kingdom, those in power, pretends to be protecting the values of all people. Supposedly, the revolution causes the kingdom to save the values of the community-regulate compromise- improve the quality of the commonwealth. In other words, protect the power of the peo...

Vengeance and Vindication

Vengeance and Vindication Vengeance and Vindication Vengeance and Vindication By Mark Nichol Vengeance, vindication, and a few related words are derived from a Latin word pertaining to punishment and retribution. These terms and their definitions are listed in this post. The forebear, the verb vindicare, means â€Å"avenge† and â€Å"claim,† though for each of its English descendants, the former sense holds almost exclusive sway. (Interestingly, vindicare may in turn stem from vim dicare, meaning â€Å"show authority†; the first word, meaning â€Å"force,† has been preserved in the first word in the phrase â€Å"vim and vigor,† while the second is the source of dictate, diction, and the like.) The verb avenge suggests righteous retribution (one who does so is an avenger), while the connotation of revenge suggests malicious retaliation. Revenge is more common as a noun than as a verb (though revenger is not employed to describe one who commits an act of revenge), while vengeance is employed as a noun in place of avenge; the adjectival form is vengeful. In a political context, revanche, adapted from the French verb revenchier, meaning â€Å"revenge,† refers to a policy of reasserting status or recovering territory; the practice is revanchism, and a revanchist is an adherent. Vindication is synonymous with vengeance, but usually it has the sense of â€Å"confirm,† â€Å"defend,† or â€Å"justify,† or â€Å"free from blame†; one who has been accused, then exonerated, is vindicated, and one who performs the vindication is a vindicator. The adjectival form is vindicative, which should not be confused with vindictive, which means â€Å"vengeful† or â€Å"spiteful.† For the most part, these terms entered the English language by way of French, but an exception is vendetta, adopted from Italian. Originally, it denoted a feud, especially a deadly one between families or clans that involves back-and-forth retaliation. Now, the sense is of a malignant campaign to discredit or harm someone. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Probable vs. PossibleHow Do You Determine Whether to Use Who or Whom?

MPH502-Introduction to Public Health (Module 2 CBT) Essay

MPH502-Introduction to Public Health (Module 2 CBT) - Essay Example This site presents a very professional approach to tackle emergencies as H1N1 flu outbreak and has an excellent video posted on the site on H1N1 prevention by Dr Mark Horton, Director of California Department of Public Health. This site has separate and easily detectable and dedicated links for immunization for children and adults. The information provided in these links is also easily intelligible to all cross sections of the society. In conformity with The Government Modernization, Efficiency, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2005, this site also posts information about all proposed regulations, administrative proceedings, meetings, hearings and clearly explains how the public can participate and comment on all such issues. The mission of this department is to work in partnership with the community to ensure that optimal health and well being of all people is achieved. The department also recognizes that residents are more than mere consumers of public health services and is thus committed to collaborating with medical service providers, County departments, City agencies, community-based organizations, schools, civic groups, foundations, religious organizations, families to address myriad health and safety issues impacting individuals and populations in our county. Such an inclusive approach most surely echoes the IOM definition of public health. Vaccination and immunization schedules are easily available in several languages in this website. Such a multilingual dissemination of crucial and relevant information is most surely a welcome departure from routine procedure of government departments. This website has a separate page dedicated to data, reports and Public Health statistics useful for residents, clinicians, community-based organizations, grant writers, school districts, policy makers and academia. Though the mission statement echoes sentiments

Project Management Process at HLR Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management Process at HLR Inc - Essay Example This paper discusses the main issues concerned with the implementation of Information Technology project at HLR Inc. The firm had never implemented such a big project that involves huge investment and association of many stakeholders. Stakeholder analysis is an important stage in the management of a project. A stakeholder may be defined as anybody or organization who is actively involved in the project process and they include people who are affected by the project (Sproull 1991). Actually, stakeholder identification is a continuous process. At any stage of the project, stakeholders can be identified. Hence, it is the best practice to workout the stakeholders' list and documents it in the initial stages of the project. During the course of the project, this stakeholder list can be updated. The project manager should be aware of the needs and wants of the stakeholders as different stakeholders will have different wants and needs. The key stakeholders of the present project include the following parties: The Customer/user (HLR Inc and its customers): HLR Inc is the immediate customer of the project. However, the customers who purchase goods and receive service from the organization also form part of the stakeholders of the project. The project sponsor has a specific role to play in the project process. ... Product Fulfillment (Denver, Ottawa CN): Processes, evaluates, and approves development and leasing contracts. Makes changes to customer information if notified. Customer Service (Denver): Resolves problems for customers and acts as the 24/7 call center for lease or customer related issues. Makes changes to customer information. Billing (Chicago HQ): Deals with rental payments, invoice issues, and follow-ups. Makes changes to customer information. Provides financial information to sales and executive management Marketing (Chicago HQ): Reviews sales and future development data and determines marketing opportunities. Sponsor (CIO of HLR Inc): The person who facilitates project process by timely arranging finance and other resources. Any other people who are influenced indirectly by the activities of the organization. The Project Sponsor The project sponsor has a specific role to play in the project process. He occupies the prominent position as the project is initiated and completed by him by arranging all resources necessary for the project. In the present case, CIO is the project sponsor, who is responsible to undertake the completion of the project to protect the organization interest along with the interest of other stakeholders. CIO at HLR Inc is primarily a high risk-taker as the project is being criticized by many in the organization. However, the project manager takes strong decisions as to the smooth flow of the operations and completion of the work. CIO, here acts as the mediator between the project manager and other stakeholders who are adversely affected by the new project. There is no doubt that the scope of the responsibility of CIO spans the whole of the project life cycle. The activities of CIO involve the

Introduction to Psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Psychology - Research Paper Example It took off as a spark of fantasy, matured over time and suddenly turned to a reality of frustration and hate. Finally it became an obsession which demanded to be fulfilled. The killer found that photos and trophies that were substitute for the thrill of putting an end to life that electrified his very soul. He believed that he was smarter than the cops and could easily outwit them. The element of danger added to his perverted excitement. It was a chilly winter day on January 15th, 1974 the Charlie Otero came home from school only to find his parents and four siblings murdered in the most ghastly fashion. All the victims had their hands and feet bound together and were placed head down Except for his sister Josephine who was hung by her neck from a pipe and was only partially dressed with a sweatshirt and socks. Her little brother Joseph had three hoods placed on his head and was lying face down at the foot of the bed. The purse of Julie Otero was dumped and the father Joseph Otero Sr. missing watch there was no evidence of either a robbery, a struggle of forced entry. The search was on by the Wichita Police Department who investigated and found that the four murders took place between eight and nine in the morning. The conduct of the parents as well as the children was extremely good and invited no enmity which made the murders all the more shocking. Nine months after the murders of the Otero family, in October 1974, and anonymous call was received by the Wichita Eagle’s Don Granger and receive directions to go to the Wichita library and looking into a mechanical engineering text book. Action was taken and they found a letter detailing the murders of the Otero family and promising other victims in the future. He said he was guilty of the murders but can’t stop the monster in his head. His code words are – â€Å"Bind them, torture them, Kill them – BTK and warned that they will see it on the next victim. On April 4th, 1974, his next victim came

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines

Combination Adjuvant Platform for Human and Animal Vaccines A novel combination adjuvant platform for human and animal vaccines   Ravendra Garg, Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Volker and Gerdts Abstract Adjuvants are critical component of vaccines. They are being used to enhance and extend the overall immune response, to drive the response towards a specific type of immunity, and to reduce the need for multiple booster immunizations. Here we report the development of a combination adjuvant platform consisting of three immune stimulators, namely host defence peptides, polyphosphazenes and PolyI:C/CpG ODN. The adjuvant platform was co-formulated with a variety of human and animal vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. When co-formulated with a wide range of viral and bacterial antigens including Bordetella pertussis, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Chlamydia trachomatis and influenza antigens, a single immunization induced 100-1,000 fold stronger humoral immune responses (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a), a much earlier onset of immunity, a clear shift towards a more balanced or Th-1 type of response and extended duration of immunity of up to two years in some cases. The vacc ines were highly effective in neonates of less than 7 days of age and provided complete protection against a lethal challenge with B. pertussis or RSV. Furthermore, the polyphosphazenes in this combination allow the assembly of microparticles that when lyophilized were stable for several months. Intranasal immunization with these microparticles induced strong mucosal immune response in the upper respiratory tract. Moreover, the adjuvant platform was highly effective in the presence of maternal antibodies. In summary, we developed a novel vaccine platform for neonates, which provided more balanced, long lasting and fully protective immune responses in neonates after a single vaccination only. Introduction Vaccine provides huge public health benefits for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. Live vaccines generate effective immune responses but have been associated with a number of safety concerns, including improper attenuation and reverting back to virulence.   Nonliving vaccine antigens i.e. whole, inactivated viruses and specifically recombinant or highly purified subunit vaccines are often weakly immunogenic and need adjuvants to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine based on antibodies and effector T cell functions to prevent infection. Adjuvants are critical components of vaccines, usually used to stimulate faster, stronger, and long-lasting immune responses to vaccines. It has various roles in vaccine formulations i.e. enhance immune responses to vaccine antigens, provide faster onset of immunity, improving immune responses to immunization in infant or elderly populations, whose immune system are immature or waning, dose sparing, either reducing the quantity of antigen required in the vaccine preparation or reducing the immunization schedule (Coffman, Sher et al. 2010). Adjuvants are absolutely required in subunit vaccines due to the poor immunogenicity of such antigens. There is no single universal adjuvant which can cover all the vaccine requirements. Using single adjuvant has a number of limitations, including induction of weak, improper, and short lived immune responses. For example, alum and MF59 (Kenney and Edelman 2003) are the universally approved adjuvant for human vaccines. Both normally induce a Th2 biased immune responses but not cellular immune responses which required for immunity against intracellular infections. In many novel adjuvant technologies, using multiple adjuvants in combination often act synergistically by stimulating and activating a various type of immune cells. Combination of adjuvants platform is promising and beneficial for suboptimal vaccines and particularly advantageous for vaccines against specific and more susceptible populations, such as neonates and the older adults. In some aspects, the neonate immune system is similar to that of the elderly, both having diminished anti-microbial activity by immune cells, reduce d antigen uptake and presentation by antigen presenting cells and compromised adaptive immune responses (Simon, Hollander et al. 2015). Strong adjuvants may provide an approach to boost immune responses in the both neonates and elderly populations. Most of the studies have combined a delivery system with an immunostimulatory adjuvant, especially combinations with the TLR agonists and MPL. Combination adjuvants have only recently been vigorously explored. Some combinations have been tested in humans and large animals and have yielded promising results. Recently, we developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) which is highly effective with wide range of animal and human vaccine. Novel Combination adjuvant platform for animal vaccines: Veterinary vaccines have been used for several of years, and have an important role in protecting animal health, animal welfare, food production, and public health. They are a cost-effective method to prevent animal disease, improve the food production, greatly reducing the need for antibiotics to treat food and companion animals and reduce or prevent transmission of zoonotic disease to human. Interestingly, the challenges related with vaccinating animals are stability, low cost, ease of administration etc., require new solutions in vaccine development. Freund introduced a combination of mineral oils and bacterial cell components (Freunds complete adjuvant) for the improvement of vaccine immune responses (Freund et al., 1937). However, many nations are not using the Freunds adjuvant in animals due to its reactivity and side effects. Alum and emulsions based formulations have been successfully used since long time in a wide variety of animal vaccines. However, with an advanced underst anding of the immune system, many new adjuvants (Saponins, Liposomes, virosomes, particle based and TRL ligand) have recently been developed for veterinary applications. A wide range of adjuvants has been successfully used in commercial vaccines for animals and several new technologies are currently in preclinical development. Over the past decade, we have seen several new combination adjuvants, typically contain two and three individual adjuvant components, including MF59â„ ¢ (Novartis Inc.), ASâ„ ¢ (Glaxo Smith Kline Inc.), IC31â„ ¢ (Valneva Inc.) etc. We recently developed a novel combination adjuvant platform (TriAdj) that is contained of three components, namely toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist either PolyI:C or CpG ODN and an immunostimulatory host defense peptide (HDPs) in polyphosphazene carrier system (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). Synthetic PolyI:C and CpG ODNs are well known potent adjuvant with various vaccine antigens and have been shown to enhance immune responses by activating monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and B cells, and induce the production of proinflammatory cytokines   (Krieg 2002; Trumpfheller, Longhi et al. 2012). The second component, HDPs are derivatives of natural host defense peptides, which are cationic amp hipathic peptides with microbicidal, chemotactic and/or immunomodulatory properties (Yeung, Gellatly et al. 2011). HDPs are involved in a range of immune functions including immune cell recruitment (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells and mast cells), innate immune activation, and wound healing (Jenssen, Hamill et al. 2006). The third component, polyphosphazenes are synthetic water-soluble biodegradable polymer with immunostimulatory properties, and forms non-covalent complexes with variety of viral and bacterial antigens and/or other adjuvants to enhance their stability, immunogenicity and allow multimeric presentation (Mutwiri, Benjamin et al. 2007; Andrianov, DeCollibus et al. 2009; Kovacs-Nolan, Latimer et al. 2009; Awate, Wilson et al. 2012). When vaccine antigens were co-formulated with this combination, we found much faster onset of immunity, highly effective even after a single immunization and significantly long lasting, robust, protective immune responses against variety of animal pathogens including bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. The combination adjuvant is stable, cost effective and highly effective in a variety of animals including pigs, sheep, cattle, koalas, cotton rats and mice (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011; Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Snider, Garg et al. 2014; Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). For example, formulation of E2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus with TriAdj resulted in strong humoral and cell mediated immune responses, leading to significant protection following pathogen challenge of calves (Snider, Garg et al. 2014). Fusion protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus co-formulated with TriAdj developed significantly higher antibod ies and interferon gamma secretion (Kovacs-Nolan, Mapletoft et al. 2009). Similarly, formulation of S1 domain of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, and outer membrane protein of chlamydial major   with TriAdj enhanced humoral and cell mediated immune response in pig and koalas respectively (Khan, Waugh et al. 2014; Makadiya, Brownlie et al. 2016). Novel Combination adjuvant platform for human vaccines: Several combination adjuvants consisting of a variety of immunomodulators such as Immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), montanides, nanoemulsions, and Adjuvant Systems have been developed in recent years and are currently being tested with human vaccines in preclinical and clinical trials. The novel adjuvant platform, TriAdj was co-formulated with various human vaccines and tested in mice, pigs, sheep, koalas, and fish. This adjuvant platform is highly effective against a variety of infectious diseases. TriAdj was shown to promote the induction of strong immune responses to various viral and bacterial antigens in multiple animals. For instance, TriAdj in combination with fusion protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), mediated the induction of robust, balanced and long-term protective immunity by stimulating long-lived neutralizing antibodies, memory B and CD8+ T cells against hRSV (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013; Garg, Latimer et al. 2014). In addition, mucosal vaccination with TriAdj formulated antigen induced both systemic and local immunity in neonates, even in the face of maternal antibodies (Garg, Latimer et al. 2015). Similarly, when TriAdj was used with pertussis toxoid of Bordetella pertussis, strong and protective immune responses were found in both mice and pigs against lethal infection with B. pertussis (Gracia, Polewicz et al. 2011; Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2011). Furthermore, the vaccine formulated with TriAdj induced a prompt onset, longer duration than existing commercial vaccines and effective after a single vaccination even in the presence of maternal antibodies. (Polewicz, Gracia et al. 2013). TriAdj platform was also formulated with influenza virus antigens or chlamydia antigens, which induces strong immune responses in vaccinated animals (Kindrachuk, Jenssen et al. 2009; Shim, Ko et al. 2010). The combination of adjuvants was also shown to be suitable for maternal immunization. Vaccination of pregnant animals with TriAdj formulated human vaccines resulted in efficient transfer of maternal antibodies and protection from subsequent challenge of the offspring (Elahi, Buchanan et al. 2006; Garg, Latimer et al. 2016). These results indicate that maternal immunization with TriAdj formulated antigens might be an alternative, safe and effective approach to provide protection against pathogens in newborn and young infants. Furthermore, the adjuvant platform can be formulated into microspheres (100 nm to 2 ÃŽ ¼m) to enhance the mucosal and syt emic immune response following intranasal vaccination (Garlapati, Garg et al. 2012). The TriAdj is expected to have multiple applications for the development of vaccines against multiple respiratory pathogens and possibly other infectious agents. Mechanisms of action of novel Combination adjuvant platform: A number of mechanisms of action were identified for this novel combination adjuvant. For example, TriAdj as a mucosal adjuvant increased antigen uptake by dendritic cells, improved dendritic cell maturation, and more efficient transported to local draining lymph nodes to present the antigen to T cells   (Garg, Latimer et al. 2013). TriAdj with antigens promoted the production of chemokines, cytokines and inflammatory cytokines, followed by recruitment and activation of several immune cell populations including dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils to the upper and lower respiratory tract, that leads to strong and long-term   protective immune responses of this novel adjuvant formulation (Sarkar, Garg et al. 2016). This was further correlated to the induction of local humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, including production of large numbers of IgA secreting memory B cells as well as effective memory CD8+ T cells. TriAdj also promoted increased germinal centre react ions and effective B cell activation and development in the lungs following mucosal immunization (Garg, Theaker et al. 2016). References   Andrianov, A. K., D. P. DeCollibus, et al. (2009). Poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] is a potent adjuvant for intradermal immunization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(45): 18936-18941. Awate, S., H. L. Wilson, et al. (2012). Activation of adjuvant core response genes by the novel adjuvant PCEP. Molecular immunology 51(3-4): 292-303. Coffman, R. L., A. Sher, et al. (2010). Vaccine adjuvants: putting innate immunity to work. Immunity 33(4): 492-503. Elahi, S., R. M. Buchanan, et al. (2006). Maternal immunity provides protection against pertussis in newborn piglets. Infect Immun 74(5): 2619-2627. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2014). Vaccination with the RSV fusion protein formulated with a combination adjuvant induces long-lasting protective immunity. J Gen Virol 95(Pt 5): 1043-1054. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2015). The respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant induces balanced immune responses in lambs with maternal antibodies. Vaccine. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2013). Induction of mucosal immunity and protection by intranasal immunisation with a novel respiratory syncytial virus vaccine formulation. The Journal of general virology. Garg, R., L. Latimer, et al. (2016). Maternal immunization with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with a novel combination adjuvant provides protection from RSV in newborn lambs. Vaccine 34(2): 261-269. Garg, R., M. Theaker, et al. (2016). A single intranasal immunization with a subunit vaccine formulation induces higher mucosal IgA production than live respiratory syncytial virus. Virology 499: 288-297. Garlapati, S., R. Garg, et al. (2012). Enhanced immune responses and protection by vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and innate defense regulator peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles. Vaccine 30(35): 5206-5214. Gracia, A., M. Polewicz, et al. (2011). Antibody responses in adult and neonatal BALB/c mice to immunization with novel Bordetella pertussis vaccine formulations. Vaccine 29(8): 1595-1604. Jenssen, H., P. Hamill, et al. (2006). 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